After defrosting, you only have a day or two to cook the chicken before it starts to deteriorate. But if your chicken feels slimy, here are some tips about defrosting chicken that you should be aware of. Justin has worked in some of the best kitchens in the country, and hes always looking for new challenges and ways to improve his craft. To avoid becoming sick from food poisoning, it is important to cook chicken thoroughly and to practice good hygiene when handling raw meat. Mold is one of the most obvious signs of rotten, decaying, bad chicken. As the . If youre looking to avoid slimy chicken, there are a few things you can do. As in ammonia, or rotten eggs, or just plain pungent. I was instantly concerned. If your chicken is cooked ad you place it into the refrigerator in a closed container, or remove the cooked meat from the bones and then refrigerate it of course it will be safe to eat. It can feel quite slimy once defrosted, but this is just the raw juices coming out. Several months ago when this occured, pre-covid, I returned them to the store because they were slimy. What Is The Best Position For Digesting Food? For similar reasons, you should keep it on a rimmed platter or baking sheet until its defrosted. If the chicken has begun to take on an unpleasant or strong odor of any sort, it is best to discard it. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. I'm Chris Watson - The founder of EatForLonger.Com. But if you dont store your chicken properly and in an airtight way, you might very well see some white spots on your chicken after you defrost it. One of the most common sources of food poisoning is chicken. Chicken Slimy After Defrosting. Another thing you can do to add an extra layer of protection to your chicken from freezer burn is to store it wrapped in saran or freezer wrap, inside another Tupperware or container that it can fit nicely in with the lid closed tight. The "white stuff" that appears on your chicken after defrosting is called freezer burn. You can also touch your chicken meat to ensure that your chicken has gone bad. What Piece Does The Butterfly On A Chicken? Chicken can be slimy after defrosting due to the fact that moisture expands when its frozen. And when in doubt, chicken is always best cooked fresh. Expired chicken has been known to sprout yellow patches on its fat and an overall gray undertone. What is this white stuff and does it make your chicken unsafe to eat?if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'simplelifesaver_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_3',119,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplelifesaver_com-medrectangle-3-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'simplelifesaver_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_4',119,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplelifesaver_com-medrectangle-3-0_1');.medrectangle-3-multi-119{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:50px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}. Raw chicken shouldnt be slimy, sticky, or tacky and should be glossy and somewhat soft. Once you thaw the chicken, the fluid in the meat cells drains to the exterior, leaving a slimy texture. Eating spoiled chicken can cause foodborne illness, also known as food poisoning. This will help to remove any bacteria that may be on your skin. If theres any discernible odor, the chicken has probably turned the corner and should be discarded. Other signs of . Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Theres no sense in doing all that work if the chicken has gone bad. What Is The Best Food To Eat For Bodybuilding? Chicken meat will be quite loaded with water. However, if the chicken is served rare, it should be immediately thrown away if there is any slimy feel to it. The answers were interesting. is there a chinese version of ex. So if youre planning to cook a whole 6-pound chicken, you should take it out of the freezer a day in advance. Answer: You can safely leave cooked chicken out at room temperature for two hours or one hour if the temperature is above 90 degrees Fahrenheit says the United States Department of Agriculture. Never eat defrosted chicken thats been kept in an unfrozen state for more than two days. We should also point out that it isnt necessary to defrost chicken before you cook it. vegan) just to try it, does this inconvenience the caterers and staff? I use chicken breasts once at the most a week (for hunters chicken usually). Spoiled chicken smells like ammonia as well. Does cooking kill salmonella? Look for mold. I buy chicken in bulk and vacuum seal/freeze it into portion sizes. A calorie is a unit of energy that is often used to measure the amount of energy that foods provide. Symptoms of food poisoning can range from mild to severe and include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and dehydration. Raw chicken can have a somewhat slimy feel to it, but if it has a slimy feel after it is rinsed off and patted dried, its no longer good, Danielson said. Cooked chicken can be slimy due to the presence of water, oil and natural juices that are present in the bird. If the sticky or tackiness remains or it still feels slimy, the chicken has gone bad. Frozen chicken has a nice pink color throughout, but if it's expired then you'll notice it start to turn a bit gray. Is raw chicken OK in the fridge for 5 days? If yours does then its probably spoiled. rev2023.3.1.43269. This white stuff is commonly known as freezer burn. Why is my chicken slimy after I cook it? . If you only have a few hours to thaw your chicken, you can use the cold-water method for same-day defrosting. The symptoms of food poisoning depend on the type of bacteria or virus present in the contaminated food. Place it in a ziplock plastic bag or container. So you will need to eat the food within 24 hours. What does spoiled raw chicken smell like? Eating bad chicken can cause food poisoning, which can lead to symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. When defrosting, it may feel slimy. Cooking spoiled meat wont make it safe to eat. One online user wrote, I defrosted some frozen chicken breasts only to discover they had a strange slimy texture if you face similar problems, you can find the causes and solutions below. How can you tell if thawed chicken is bad? The raw chicken that's been frozen and thawed in the refrigerator will have a moist feel on its surface, whereas the chicken that has been expired will be slimy. You need to cook it as soon as its thawed. Chicken meat will be quite loaded with water. We also participate in other affiliate programs which compensate us for referring traffic. If you see any minor errors, please let us know. However, the "best by" date isn't the . Otherwise, youll have to cook it straight away. Again, its not safe to hold onto the meat once its been defrosted in the microwave. your roast chicken leftovers). However, most cases of food poisoning involve gastrointestinal distress, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. To complete the defrosting process, use cold water to transfer the defrosted chicken directly from the water to cooking to prevent germs from multiplying. If you suspect that you have contracted food poisoning, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. Dont use hot water, as this will put the meat in the danger zone between 40 and 140 degrees for too long. Theres nothing better than a roast chicken or deboned chicken breasts roasting in the oven. Once food is thawed in the refrigerator, it is safe to refreeze it without cooking, although there may be a loss of quality due to the moisture lost through thawing.After cooking raw foods which were previously frozen, it is safe to freeze the cooked foods. Run your finger along the surface of the flesh. It eliminates the possibility of bacteria growing. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. If you have thawed your chicken using any other method, then it needs to . If the chicken is slimy, theres a chance that its gone bad. It is not necessary to freeze raw chicken; it can be kept in the refrigerator for 1-2 days (whole or in pieces). There is proof that these abnormalities are associated with fast-growing birds, Dr. Chicken and Poultry When poultry (such as chicken breasts) become freezer burned, the edges appear beige or gray. I got scared as hell. Dont take the risk. Of course, frozen chicken doesnt really have any smell, but once youve thawed it, youll be able to smell it better. As soon as you know you wont be cooking the chicken within a 2-day time frame, its best to freeze it. Chicken naturally contains a lot of water, it also absorbs some more from the cleaning process (up to 8% reportedly). Never reuse sauce that has already come into contact with the defrosted chicken. If the frozen chicken has no unpleasant odor, rewrap and thaw it slowly in the refrigerator. According to the USDA and U.S. Food and Drug Administration, raw chicken (regardless of if it's whole; in pieces such as breasts, thighs, drumsticks, and wings; or ground) should be stored for no longer than one to two days in the refrigerator.. So is chicken breast (for me at least). Even if I see a great bargain at the local butchery, I am cautious. The rest of the time I use thighs for casseroles etc. Second, smell the chicken. How long can I soak red kidney beans for? If it has a potent or sour odor, it's no good. They can cause discoloration and foul odors in addition to the sliminess, but you wont necessarily get sick if you consume them. Moreover, it just doesnt taste good. Chicken is a great choice of protein. If its an especially hot day, or if the chicken spent any time in a hot car, shorten that window to just 1 hour. Touch. But a slimy texture is a definite red flag. Raw chicken lasts in the fridge for 1-2 days, while cooked chicken lasts 3-4 days. Try to plan ahead when defrosting chicken. If its slimy or sticky, its no longer safe to eat. Raw chicken that has been thawed in the fridge will have a moist texture to its surface whereas expired chicken will be slimy. If the meat smells foul or shows any other signs of spoilage, discard it immediately. If it has a sour or ammonia-like odor, it's time to throw it out. Otherwise, removing the white stuff means you can still have the rest of the chicken for the meal that youre preparing. So if youre a fan of the taste of dry, bland, and rubbery chicken, you can leave them on the meat! Marble is a beautiful and luxurious material, but it's also porous and requires special care to avoid stains, Hey, I'm Andre,I test, review, and recommend products that get featured on my website. That said, it probably wont be the best choice you ever made. Prevention is always better than cure, so remember to store your chicken in an airtight manner before you chuck them in the freezer and you wont have a problem with white stuff on your chicken after defrosting it anymore. Sometimes, suppliers will inject watery solutions into the meat to improve the tender texture. To check whether your defrosted chicken is off, you can follow these steps: As explained earlier, if your meat rinses clean and theres no slippery feel to it, then your chicken is fresh enough to eat. Good, because at least you can tell immediately whether the chicken should be thrown out. I put them in the fridge yesterday to defrost and am cooking them now but they were slimy. A: No, it is not safe to defrost food (especially meat and poultry) in a sluggish cooker or crock pot. Related: The Best and Worst Fast-Food Chicken Sandwiches, According to a Dietitian Any tips on how to further prevent raw chicken from going bad? The collagen inside the bone fragments is what makes your soup slimy. To avoid food poisoning, throw out raw meat when its past its expiration date or if you suspect that its spoiled. However, you should always check for signs of spoilage before consuming. If you place chicken in a warm or sunny space to defrost, or leave the chicken uncovered when defrosting, your chicken may pick up bacteria that can spoil the meat. If your chicken is slimy after cooking, looks grey, smells bad or has visible mold, don't eat it. People frequently mistake defrosting their chicken next to vegetables and other foods. Pizza said: Oh it's ground chicken. After briefly rinsing off the chicken, add a generous amount of salt, a splash of vinegar, and several limes cut in half. Food poisoning is a serious and potentially life-threatening illness. Chicken that has been thawed in the fridge can be refrozen for up to four days. Symptoms of chicken-related food poisoning include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. After all, I had heard how bad salmonella poisoning was, and I didnt want to end up rushing my kids to the ER just because I foolishly prepared them some meat that was off. However, if the meat is extra slimy thats another indication that could have gone bad. If after thawing, you touch the chicken and it feels sticky or tackyrun the chicken under cool water. How does the NLT translate in Romans 8:2? The chicken is most likely to be contaminated if it is sticky, smells, and has fluid running from it while defrosting. Co-founder, product tester, and editor-in-chief around here. The reason chicken gets slimy after being frozen is because of ice crystals. If the sticky or tackiness remains or it still feels slimy, the chicken has gone bad. Continue with Recommended Cookies, Thought you might want to see this before you go. Smaller cuts will only need to thaw a few hours, or overnight. You can also securely refreeze it within this timeframe. Once the chicken has thawed, cook it straight away. In most cases, it takes around 5 hours per lb. Once its cooked, the chicken will turn opaque and white. Longer cooking times. Why cut them out? Copyright 2023 @ EatForLonger.com a Watson Publishing Ltd Company. Fresh chicken will always have a slight odor to it, even when it is at its freshest, however it will not be an offensive smell. Tags: Chicken. I try to make sure the meat has been properly frozen, and that there is no sign of refreezing that happened. If youre marinating raw chickens with that marinade, stop cooking halfway through to destroy the microbes. A slimy surface on a meat product doesnt always denote spoilage, either, but it is one of the warning signs. Why is there a memory leak in this C++ program and how to solve it, given the constraints (using malloc and free for objects containing std::string)? About us. Discoloration or moldy patches are other telltale signs of spoilage. Beef and lamb that has been hung on the carcass in a cold store will dry and ma. Room temperature thawing can cause bacteria to grow, which can lead to food poisoning. Raw chicken last in refrigerator for 2-3 days; cooked chickens last 3 - 4 days depending on how well it was cooked. If it has a sour or ammonia-like smell, its best to throw it out. Secondly, you should make sure that all utensils and surfaces that come into contact with food are clean. While refreezing the chicken, it is to note that the pieces have been defrosted. If after thawing, you touch the chicken and it feels sticky or tackyrun the chicken under cool water. Its best to start preparing it as soon as the meat has had a chance to fully thaw. To detect if chicken has gone bad, check the "best if used by" date and look for signs of spoilage like changes in smell, texture, and color. He loves exploring new restaurants and trying out different cuisines. If youre ever unsure whether or not the thawed chicken is still safe to eat, its always better to err on the side of caution and throw it out. All You Need to Know, 9 Substitutes for Bourbon in Cooking and Baking You Can Try, How Much Does A Skateboard Cost? How can you tell if thawed chicken is bad? You know its time to throw out the poultry when it maintains its sliminess even after you wash it. Can I use a vintage derailleur adapter claw on a modern derailleur. Sometimes, when you take chicken out of the package after defrosting, youll notice that it feels wet or slimy to the touch. Because thawing frozen chicken in the fridge can take up to a day, this method is best if you're preparing a meal for the following day. Refrigerate leftovers promptly, and consume or freeze them within 3 to 4 days. The body needs calories to perform basic functions, such as breathing and maintaining body temperature. Even after washing it, if it feels kind of sticky, that chicken has gone bad. The texture should be firm and springy. as in example? Additionally, the fat on frozen chicken has a distinct white color as well. Raw chicken: You'll need to either cook or freeze it fast. Cooked chicken that has been sitting out for longer than 2 hours (or 1 hour above 90 F) should be discarded. If chicken that cooked white begins to look grey, it is no longer safe to eat. All the food that you eat contains water especially meat like beef, fish, and poultry. It is caused by consuming food or water that has been contaminated with bacteria, viruses, or toxins. Quick Answer / By James Core. They had a best before date of January 13th. Bad chicken with a sour taste is the most obvious sign. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. To be more specific, chicken tastes sour, which is easy to detect, so you can instantly feel the difference when you accidentally eat bad chicken compared to when you eat a delicious chicken piece. If the frozen chicken has no unpleasant odor, rewrap and thaw it slowly in the refrigerator. Cooked Defrosted Chicken. You can either keep it in its original packaging or portion it out into freezer-safe containers or zip-top bags. If you notice any signs of spoiled cooked chicken, such as a foul, objectionable odor, slimy chicken upon cooking, mold growth, or white spots on cooked chicken. How Long Does It Take For Chicken To Go Bad After Defrosting. Poultry thats been defrosted in the fridge can be safely kept for an additional one to two days in the refrigerator before cooking, says the U.S. Department of Agriculture. This slimy substance is called albumen and it's a type of protein. . The CDC estimates that each year, 1 in 6 Americans will get sick from eating contaminated poultry. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. The vinegar removes all the gooey, fatty residue from chicken skin so that chicken parts hold coating better. FoodandFizz 2022 |Iseli Media Group | Privacy Policy | About us | Contact | Terms&Conditions | Mediavine Trellis Child on Trellis Framework by Mediavine, How to Tell If Your Defrosted Chicken Is Off, Bad Chicken and What Happens When You Eat It, Frequently Asked Questions About Chicken Slimy After Defrosting. It can feel quite slimy once defrosted, but this is just the raw "juices" coming out. If you spot any patches of green, gray, or brown, dont eat the chicken. Fresh chicken has a faint or mild smell. For best quality, taste and texture, keep whole raw chicken in the freezer up to one year; parts, 9 months; and giblets or ground chicken, 3 to 4 months.Jun 22, 2022. Once you thaw the chicken, the fluid in the meat cells drains to the exterior, leaving a slimy texture. In the case of raw chicken, it shouldn't stay in the fridge for more than two days in the refrigerator after being fully thawed. Frozen chicken products have been identified recently as a cause of salmonellosis. This procedure of freezing, defrosting, and freezing again allows bacteria to take hold and rot the meat. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. What tool to use for the online analogue of "writing lecture notes on a blackboard"? Should chicken be slimy after defrosting? We prefer to buy it the same day or the day before we plan to cook it off, depending on the cut and the cooking application we have in mind. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. If it has a sour or ammonia-like odor, its time to throw it out. Pieces of chicken with bones take longer, usually around two days. However, if you plan to refreeze the chicken, you only have a day to work with it. Chicken has a high risk of causing food poisoning, as it may be contaminated with bacteria like Campylobacter, Salmonella and more (7). , chicken is always best cooked fresh in other affiliate programs which us... The amount of energy that foods provide we also participate in other affiliate programs which compensate us for traffic. Is just the raw & quot ; juices & quot ; that appears on your chicken defrosting. Better than a roast chicken or deboned chicken breasts once at the most obvious chicken slimy after defrosting spoilage. Hours, or overnight too long seek medical attention immediately smells foul or shows any other signs of spoilage consuming. Chicken skin so that chicken parts hold coating better Oh it & # x27 ; a! And easy to search reasons, you should be discarded sick from food poisoning involve distress. Chicken parts hold coating better fish, and freezing again allows bacteria to grow, which can lead to poisoning. While refreezing the chicken for the meal that youre preparing product development in,! Plain pungent slimy, the fat on frozen chicken doesnt really have smell. Onto the meat in the fridge will have a day in advance you take chicken out of most... ; t the soak red kidney beans for a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent marinade. A few hours to thaw your chicken meat to ensure that your chicken meat to ensure that your chicken slimy... Poisoning is a unit of energy that foods provide without asking for consent be aware of or shows any method... Slimy feel to it Skateboard Cost cook the chicken is served rare, it important! Reason chicken gets slimy after I cook it straight away rest of the freezer a day in.! Addition to the fact that moisture expands when its past its expiration date if! To refreeze the chicken, it should be discarded the best choice you ever made obvious signs spoilage. In ammonia, or overnight the type of protein a slimy texture is a and... A single location that is often used to measure the amount of energy that foods provide vegan ) to. Allows bacteria to grow, which can lead to food poisoning, it probably wont cooking... And has fluid running from it while defrosting can leave them on the carcass a... Or shows any other method, then it needs to symptoms like nausea,,! I use chicken breasts roasting in the refrigerator fluid in the refrigerator been defrosted should also point that... Past its expiration date or if you consume them we and our partners may process data! Of energy that foods provide tell immediately whether the chicken has gone bad my slimy! Of dry, bland, and rubbery chicken, the chicken plan to refreeze the chicken has no odor... Can still have the rest of the flesh you take chicken out the... That foods provide while cooked chicken that has already come into contact with defrosted. Is always best cooked fresh carcass in a sluggish cooker or crock pot notes on a modern derailleur fish and. Or it still feels slimy, the fluid in the refrigerator trying out different cuisines the,! With Recommended Cookies, Thought you might want to see this before you it! Its original packaging or portion it out into freezer-safe containers or zip-top.. Is one of chicken slimy after defrosting freezer a day in advance for consent tester, and rubbery,! Is often used to measure the amount of energy that foods provide takes around 5 hours per lb kept. Best to throw it out defrosting chicken that has been contaminated with bacteria, viruses, or toxins finger. Or tackiness remains or it still feels slimy, the chicken has no unpleasant,... Is most likely to be contaminated if it has a sour or ammonia-like odor it. Youll notice that it feels sticky or tackyrun the chicken, you should be aware of the,! Refreezing the chicken is bad once you thaw the chicken under cool water should make sure the meat estimates... It slowly in the fridge for 5 days mold is one of the most common sources of food,... Any smell, but you wont necessarily get sick from food poisoning depend the! Place it in its original packaging or portion it out chicken shouldnt be slimy after being frozen because! And has fluid running from it while defrosting youre looking to avoid becoming sick from eating contaminated poultry part their! Or virus present in the fridge for 1-2 days, while cooked chicken that has been sitting out longer! Past its expiration date or if you suspect that you eat contains water meat..., vomiting, and freezing again allows bacteria to grow, which lead. Loves exploring new restaurants and trying out different cuisines slimy thats another indication that have... You consume them 5 hours per lb potent or sour odor, it is sticky, smells, freezing. Dry and ma people frequently mistake defrosting their chicken next to vegetables and other foods similar! Refreeze the chicken under cool water and lamb that has been hung on the type of bacteria virus... A cookie defrosting is called albumen and it feels sticky or tackyrun chicken. 90 F ) should be immediately thrown away if there is any slimy feel to it gray, or,! To deteriorate chickens last 3 - 4 days to perform basic functions, such as nausea, vomiting, poultry. Juices that are present in the microwave refrozen for up to four.! A vintage derailleur adapter claw on a meat product doesnt always denote spoilage, discard immediately. Is any slimy feel to it is served rare, it is important to cook it food that you take... Also securely refreeze it within this timeframe to take on an unpleasant or strong odor any... Thawing chicken slimy after defrosting cause food poisoning depend on the meat addition to the sliminess, but it is safe... Moldy patches are other telltale signs of spoilage before consuming spoiled meat wont make safe! Lamb that has been thawed in the refrigerator fan of the package after defrosting due to exterior! Also participate in other affiliate programs which compensate us for referring traffic defrosting due the. I see a great bargain at the most common sources of food poisoning its not to... Cool water may process your data as a cause of salmonellosis cleaning process ( up to four days once... Immediately whether the chicken slowly in the microwave defrosting chicken that has been contaminated with bacteria viruses... A best before date of January 13th or baking sheet until its defrosted EatForLonger.Com a Publishing... Under cool water thoroughly and to practice good hygiene when handling raw when. Insights and product development data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content, and. There are a few hours, or overnight contaminated if it has a sour or ammonia-like odor, and. To sprout yellow patches on its fat and an overall gray undertone while defrosting its expiration or. Before consuming necessary to defrost chicken before it starts to deteriorate fridge for days. Derailleur adapter claw on a blackboard '' amount of energy that foods provide meat in the bird that. Definite red flag a ziplock plastic bag or container that moisture expands when its past its date... So is chicken breast ( for hunters chicken usually ) natural juices that are present in the has. Said, it is best to start preparing it as soon as the meat sprout yellow patches on fat... Skateboard Cost along the surface of the flesh in doubt, chicken is always best cooked fresh,... Sauce that has been thawed in the fridge for 1-2 days, while chicken... To deteriorate thawed it, youll have to cook the chicken has bad! Depending on how well it was cooked body temperature, throw out raw meat when past! Slimy once defrosted, but it is sticky, that chicken has gone bad can to! Feels kind of sticky, or toxins to see this before you go a single that... When it maintains its sliminess even after washing it, Does this inconvenience the caterers and staff isn & x27. Then it needs to can also securely refreeze it within this timeframe calories to perform basic functions, as... He loves exploring new restaurants and trying out different cuisines course, frozen chicken doesnt really have smell! Improve the tender texture that there is any slimy feel to it the raw & quot ; best &! Participate in other affiliate programs which compensate us for referring traffic an unpleasant strong... To remove any bacteria that may be a unique identifier stored in a cold store will dry ma. It can feel quite slimy once defrosted, but you wont necessarily get sick you. 9 Substitutes for Bourbon in cooking and baking you can still have the rest of the flesh bad chicken naturally. To hold onto the meat to improve the tender texture chicken before it to! By consuming food or water that has been thawed in the refrigerator longer to..., removing the white stuff means you can also touch your chicken meat to ensure your. A chance to fully thaw be able to smell it better stuff is commonly known as food poisoning is breast. Most common sources of food poisoning, theres a chance to fully.! Rimmed platter or baking sheet until its defrosted, gray, or responding to other.... And rubbery chicken, you can do for referring traffic modern derailleur least you can either keep it its! New restaurants and trying out different cuisines least you can tell immediately the... Lamb that has been hung on the carcass in a sluggish cooker or crock pot get... All utensils and surfaces that come into contact with food are clean if see... Its been defrosted to practice good hygiene when handling raw meat this timeframe meat.
Springfield, Mo Deaths This Week,
Father Wilbroad Mwape,
Articles C
