It is attested by the cemetery of Perati that lasted a century and showed imports from Cyclades, Dodecanese, Crete, Cyprus, Egypt and Syria, as well as by the Late Helladic IIIC (c. 1210-1040 BC) cemetery of Drivlia at Porto Rafti; located 2km west of Perati. Mycenaean Greece was dominated by a warrior elite society and consisted of a network of palace-centered states that developed rigid hierarchical, political, social and economic systems. This will help you file your taxes accurately and make payments on time. bonus calculator after tax. livestock farming and other goods to the king What did the Mycenaeans pay. Nearby Orchomenos shared the same fate, while the Boeotian fortifications of Gla were deserted. [11] Various theories have been proposed for the end of this civilization, among them the Dorian invasion or activities connected to the "Sea Peoples". [151] Some scholars believe that Knossos was probably more equal in relation to gender than Pylos, though the evidence for this is little and is highly disputed. Regarding materials, rooms in the palace were constructed with rubble fill and cross-beamed walls and then covered in plaster inside and limestone blocks outside. Special interests include art, architecture, and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share. [114] Mycenaean swords have been found as far away as Georgia in the eastern Black Sea coast. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. Therefore, you can eliminate answer D. 2. [82] The period following the end of Mycenaean Greece, c. 1100800 BC, is generally termed the "Greek Dark Ages". [211] The so-called "souvlaki trays" (or portable grills) used by the Mycenaean Greeks were rectangular ceramic pans that sat underneath skewers of meat. [38] In the early 15th century BC, commerce intensified with Mycenaean pottery reaching the western coast of Asia Minor, including Miletus and Troy, Cyprus, Lebanon, Palestine and Egypt. 1450". b. Some women could be elevated to becoming legally independent by becoming priestesses, which appears to be hereditary through both the male and female line. It is not known for certain why they (men, women, and children) wore them, or why they appear to have been significant to the culture, but beads made of carnelian, lapis lazuli, etc., were known to have been worn by women on bracelets, necklaces, and buttons on cloaks, and were often buried with the deceased. The production of luxury art for, and probably often in, the Minoan palaces was already a well-established tradition when Mycenaean elites became customers, and was perhaps more integrated into Minoan religion and culture than it ever became in Mycenaean Greece. The chemical compositions of the silver objects indicate that the silver was sourced from several locations. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. Other religious roles filled by women were the three types of sacred slaves: slave of the God, slave of the Priestess, and slave of the Key-bearer. The Delian League began as an alliance toa. Elite women (those who were married to male elites) were afforded benefits fitting their high social standing, but even the wife of elites could not own land and had no economic independence. [80], Alternative scenarios propose that the fall of Mycenaean Greece was a result of internal disturbances which led to internecine warfare among the Mycenaean states or civil unrest in a number of states, as a result of the strict hierarchical social system and the ideology of the wanax. The extent to which Homer attempted to or succeeded in recreating a "Mycenaean" setting is examined in. [60] Meanwhile, Ahhiyawa appears to be in control of a number of islands in the Aegean, an impression also supported by archaeological evidence. The Mycenaeans were influenced by the earlier Minoan civilization (2000-1450 BCE) which had spread from its origins at Knossos, Crete to include the wider Aegean. Beyond trading relations, the exact political relationship between the over 100 Mycenaean centres spread across Greece is not clear. 66. [103], The palatial centers organized their workforce and resources for the construction of large scale projects in the fields of agriculture and industry. [78], The hypothesis of a Dorian invasion, known as such in Ancient Greek tradition, that led to the end of Mycenaean Greece, is supported by sporadic archaeological evidence such as new types of burials, in particular cist graves, and the use of a new dialect of Greek, the Doric one. Mycenaean drinking vessels such as the stemmed cups contained single decorative motifs such as a shell, an octopus or a flower painted on the side facing away from the drinker. [188] The Mycenaean Greeks produced in large quantities a variety of diversely-styled vessels such as stirrup jars, large bowls, alabastron, krater and stemmed cups (or kylikes) resembling champagne glasses. From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia . A second destruction struck Mycenae in c. 1190 BC or shortly thereafter. [151], The palatial structures at Mycenae, Tiryns and Pylos were erected on the summits of hills or rocky outcrops, dominating the immediate surroundings. wait.. are you saying that I was right or no Advertisement Answer 5.0 /5 2 Brainly User they paid there taxes in wheat, livestock or honey Advertisement Taxpayers should remember that an extension of time to file is not an extension of time to pay. [70], Athens and the eastern coast of Attica were still occupied in the 12th century BC, and were not destroyed or abandoned; this points to the existence of new decentralized coastal and maritime networks there. With the mysterious end of the Mycenaean civilization and the so-called Bronze Age Collapse in the ancient Aegean and wider Mediterranean, there came the 'Dark Ages' (another extreme label for a period which was perhaps not as dark as all that) and, although some sites began to revive from the 10th century BCE, it would take several more centuries before Greek culture would finally regain the heights of the Late Bronze Age. The reasons for the demise of the Mycenaean civilization, which occurred in stages from c. 1230 BCE to c. 1100 BCE, are much debated. The Mycenaean period has not yielded sculpture of any great size. There is usually a second, smaller hall (often called the 'Queen's Megaron'), many private apartments and additional areas set aside for administration, storage, and manufacturing. Mycenaeans could pay their taxes in a. Athenian coins. [68] The palace of Pylos, in the southwestern Peloponnese, was destroyed in c. 1180 BC. The summary data contains information processed by the IRS during the 2012-2019 calendar years; this generally consists of filings for the 2011-2018 fiscal years, but may include older records. [64], Scholars have speculated that the mythic tradition of the Trojan War could have a historical basis in the political turmoil of this era. That the Mycenaean civilization had trading contact with other Aegean cultures is evidenced by the presence of foreign goods in Mycenaean settlements such as gold, ivory, copper and glass and by the discovery of Mycenaean goods such as pottery in places as far afield as Egypt, Mesopotamia, the Levant, Anatolia, Sicily, and Cyprus. Nevertheless, it is difficult to establish whether the different forms of burial represent a social hierarchization, as was formerly thought, with the "tholos" being the tombs of the elite rulers, the individual tombs those of the leisure class, and the communal tombs those of the people. and their children could not . Inicio; Servicios. [1] The transition period from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age in Greece is known as Sub-Mycenaean (c. 10501000 BC). Other Mycenaean architectural structures include terracing of agricultural lands, damns for flood management (particularly evident at Tiryns), and small bridges built from large roughly-hewn stone blocks, again, seemingly the work of the Cyclopes. [2][3] The Mycenaeans were mainland Greek peoples who were likely stimulated by their contact with insular Minoan Crete and other Mediterranean cultures to develop a more sophisticated sociopolitical culture of their own. The whole palace complex was surrounded by a fortification wall of large unworked blocks (termed Cyclopean as it was believed that only the giant Cyclopes could have moved such massive stones). Little is known for certain regarding Mycenaean religious practices beyond the importance given to animal sacrifice, communal feasting, the pouring of libations and offerings of foodstuffs. Some scenes may be part of mythological narratives, but if so their meaning eludes us. [57] Moreover, Ahhiyawa achieved considerable political influence in parts of Western Anatolia, typically by encouraging anti-Hittite uprisings and collaborating with local vassal rulers. Whereas the Mycenaeans seem to have been rather aggressive and war-like, the Minoans, alternatively, were relatively peaceful. It is not clear why the Mycenaean civilization collapsed. Senator . Artist's Impression of Mycenaean Warriors, Mediterranean Trade in the Late Bronze Age c. 1400-1200 BCE. Columns and ceilings were usually of painted wood, sometimes with bronze additions. Legendary names like Agamemnon, Menelaus, Achilles and Odysseus - all Mycenaean Greeks - would be given immortal life in sculpture, on painted pottery and epic literature such as Homer's Iliad which told the story of the great Trojan War, very possibly a myth based on a real conflict or series of conflicts between the Mycenaeans and Hittites. The female figurines can be subdivided into three groups, which were popular at different periods: the Psi and phi type figurines, and the Tau-type. [150] Women with special talents or skills, such as being a skilled midwife or craftswomen, could gain social authority in their villages, but are not believed to have been able to receive land holdings. [188], Stirrup jars (Linear B: ka-ra-re-u, khlareus; "oil vessel"), specifically, were first invented on the island of Crete during the 16th century BC and used widely by the Mycenaeans from 1400 BC onward for transporting and storing wine and oil; the jars were usually pear-shaped or globular. The Mycenaean civilization would so inspire the later Archaic and Classical Greeks from the 8th century BCE onwards that the Bronze Age period came to be seen as a golden one when people respected the gods, warriors were braver and life was generally less complicated and more decent. It is also known from several depictions in contemporary art in Greece and the Mediterranean. Payroll taxes are withheld from an employee's paycheck by an employer, who remits the amount to the federal government to fund Medicare and Social Security programs. [217] At this time, German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann undertook the first modern archaeological excavations in Greece at the site of Mycenae in 1876. [209] It has been argued that different dynasties or factions may have competed through conspicuous burial. [162] On the other hand, the palace of Pylos, although a major center of power, paradoxically appears to have been left without any defensive walls. The Mycenaean Greeks introduced several innovations in the fields of engineering, architecture and military infrastructure, while trade over vast areas of the Mediterranean was essential for the Mycenaean economy. We do know that several sites were destroyed between 1250 and 1200 BCE, ushering in the so-called Post-Palatial period when the centralised system of palace control declined. In 2010, $12 billion more was collected from Social Security payroll taxes of . Other centers of power that emerged included Pylos, Tiryns, Midea in the Peloponnese, Orchomenos, Thebes, Athens in Central Greece and Iolcos in Thessaly. [156], Additional common features are shared by the palaces of Pylos, Mycenae and Tiryns;[156] a large court with colonnades lies directly in front of the central megaron,[159] while a second, but smaller, megaron is also found inside these structures. At this point, many people enlist the help of a CPA to help manage their taxes and fill out the forms. He and a fellow. [182] "Figure-of-eight" shields were the most common type of Mycenaean shields. The Mycenaean palaces imported raw materials, such as metals, ivory and glass, and exported processed commodities and objects made from these materials, in addition to local products: oil, perfume, wine, wool and pottery. We care about our planet! This is a page about the Ancient History and History BA course at the University of Nottingham The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. The Mycenaeans were warriors. Expert answered| Masamune |Points 69950| Log in for more information. Last modified October 02, 2019. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. [201] Groups of pit or cist graves containing elite members of the community were sometimes covered by a tumulus (mound) in the manner established since the Middle Helladic. Add your answer and earn points. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. [81] Another theory considers the decline of the Mycenaean civilization as a manifestation of a common pattern for the decline of many ancient civilizations: the Minoan, the Harappan and the Western Roman Empire; the reason for the decline is migration due to overpopulation. There is also at least one instance of a person, Enkhelyawon, at Pylos, who appears titleless in the written record but whom modern scholars regard as probably a king. In c. 1220 BC, the king of Ahhiyawa is again reported to have been involved in an anti-Hittite uprising in western Anatolia. and Diana Wardle "The Child's Cache at Assiros, Macedonia", in Sally Crawford and Gillian Shepherd (eds): Early and Middle Bronze Age in mainland Greece, Mycenaean palace amphora with octopus (NAMA 6725), Gold grave goods at Grave Circles A and B, "The Bronze Age on the Greek Mainland: Early Bronze Age Early Helladic I", "Volcanic ash, victims, and tsunami debris from the Late Bronze Age Thera eruption discovered at eme-Balararas (Turkey)", "Geochemical ice-core constraints on the timing and climatic impact of Aniakchak II (1628 BCE) and Thera (Minoan) volcanic eruptions", "Second Intermediate Period date for the Thera (Santorini) eruption and historical implications", "New opportunities in turbulent times: Attica in the 12th c. BC", "Differing trajectories of collapse in the Late Bronze Age Argolid: Mycenae and Tiryns from 1250 BC to 1100 BC", Materials and Industries in the Mycenaean World: Current Approaches to the Study of Materials and Industries in Prehistoric Greece, University of Nottingham, 910 May 2013, International Archaeological Symposium 1973, Boston University The Historical Society, "Traces of opiates found in ancient Cypriot vessel", "Bronze Age saw flourishing drug trade, opium discovered in ancient vase reveals", "Ancient Greeks Used Portable Grills at Their Picnics", National Bank of Greece Cultural Foundation, "Did you Know you Speak Mycenaean Greek? Books The majority of these figurines are female and anthropomorphic or zoomorphic. Knossos in Crete also became a Mycenaean center, where the former Minoan complex underwent a number of adjustments, including the addition of a throne room. They ruled most of Greece from about the 17th to 12th centuries BCE. [213] The Linear B script was utilized by the Mycenaean palaces in Greece for administrative purposes where economic transactions were recorded on clay tablets and some pottery in the Mycenaean dialect of the Greek language. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/Mycenaean_Civilization/. (More) Question Expert Answered Asked 1/19/2020 7:24:43 AM 0 Answers/Comments 36,834,241 questions answered [179][180] A representative piece of Mycenaean armor is the Dendra panoply (c. 14501400 BC) which consisted of a cuirass of a complete set of armor made up of several elements of bronze. Pay as much as possible by the April due date. 01 Mar 2023. [67] In the Peloponnese, a number of buildings surrounding the citadel of Mycenae were attacked and burned. [88], The Neolithic agrarian village (6000 BC) constituted the foundation of Bronze Age political culture in Greece. [56] If some kind of united political entity existed, the dominant center was probably located in Thebes or in Mycenae, with the latter state being the most probable center of power. The typical business pays taxes on their net profits, which is their gross profits minus expenses and the cost of goods sold. Though scholars are unsure if ordinary women could obtain land and exert economic power, there is evidence that women could obtain positions of power, such as the title of priestess, which allowed them to have land holdings, have elite connections, and high social status. They did this so that each region could be governed at a local level with a national government acting as a dominant authority over all. [218] The legends of Homer's Epics were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past and it was not until the 19th century that scholars began to question Homer's historicity. Through the cult, land was "leased" to them, rather than given to them in ownership. It appears that the Dorians moved southward gradually over a number of years and devastated the territory, until they managed to establish themselves in the Mycenaean centers. [31][32] Towards the end of the Middle Bronze Age (c. 1700/1675 BC),[1] a significant increase in the population and the number of settlements occurred. For example, Qo-wi-ja ("cow-eyed") is a standard Homeric epithet of Hera. [1] It represents the first advanced and distinctively Greek civilization in mainland Greece with its palatial states, urban organization, works of art, and writing system. A total of nine of such tholos tombs are found in the region of Mycenae, while six of them belong to a single period (Late Helladic IIA, c. 14001300 BC). Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. Cartwright, Mark. This new style would become the dominant one throughout the Mediterranean. [101] Thus, sectors like the production of perfumed oil and bronze materials were directly monitored from the palace, but the production of ceramics was only indirectly monitored. intellij window not showing; north american membrane society 2023. is midwestern capitalized as an adjective; Port Industrial. The basileus, who in later Greek society was the name of the king, refers to communal officials. [195], Larger male, female or bovine terracotta wheelmade figures are much rarer. At the top it would have been wide enough for a walkway with a narrow protective parapet on the outer edge and with hoop-like crenellations. They took pride in their heroic deeds in battle. Apr 16, 2018. [2] An issue with this theory, however, is the very tenuous material and cultural relationship between Aegean and northern steppe populations during the Bronze Age. [23] Another similar ethnonym, Ekwesh, in twelfth century BC Egyptian inscriptions has been commonly identified with the Ahhiyawans. The Mycenaean period became the historical setting of much ancient Greek literature and mythology, including the Trojan Epic Cycle. They threw off Minoan control c. 1400 and were dominant in the Aegean until they themselves were . Other impressive remains include sections of the fortification walls and the famous Lion Gate (1250 BCE) with its heraldic pair of lions above the entrance. The complexes were built around a large rectangular central hall or Megaron. This was the heart of the palace and contained a large circular hearth (usually more than 3 m / 9.8 ft. in diameter) with four wooden columns supporting a holed ceiling or light well. February 27, 2023 new bill passed in nj for inmates 2022 No Comments . Sinclair Hood believed that at the time of the Vaphio burial (c. 15001450) "it was broadly speaking possible to classify the finer seals as being of Cretan, the more crudely engraved of mainland manufacture", but that "this criterion no longer applies after the mainland conquest of Crete c. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. They once took a small amount of money from her bank account, she said, but the. [70] On the other hand, the collapse of Mycenaean Greece coincides with the activity of the Sea Peoples in the Eastern Mediterranean. In contrast to these labour-intensive structures, the non-elite of Mycenaean society lived in modest mud-brick houses which had stone foundations. Undocumented immigrants also help make the Social Security system more solvent, as they pay into the system but are ineligible to collect benefits upon retiring. ____ 27. [63] Piyama-Radu caused major unrest which may have extended to the region of Wilusa, and later invaded the island of Lesbos, which then passed into Ahhiyawan control. He was a chthonic deity, connected with earthquakes (E-ne-si-da-o-ne: Earth-shaker), but it seems that he also represented the river spirit of the underworld. An agora The statuary of the period consists for the most part of small terracotta figurines found at almost every Mycenaean site in mainland Greecein tombs, in settlement debris, and occasionally in cult contexts (Tiryns, Agios Konstantinos on Methana). Mycenaeans could pay their taxes ina. [69], It appears that after this first wave of destruction a short-lived revival of Mycenaean culture followed. [65] As a result of this instability, the Hittite king initiated correspondence in order to convince his Ahhiyawan counterpart to restore peace in the region. d. salt. In 2023, employees will pay. [20], Egyptian records mention a T(D)-n-j or Danaya (Tanaju) land for the first time c. 1437 BC, during the reign of Pharaoh Thutmoses III (r. 14791425 BC). The Middle Helladic (MH) period (c. 20001700/1675 BC[1]) faced a slower pace of development, as well as the evolution of megaron-type dwellings and cist grave burials. [128] Linear B records mention a number of sanctuaries dedicated to a variety of deities, at least in Pylos and Knossos. b. make Athens rich.c. All powers were vested in him, as the main landlord and spiritual and military leader. Though not as grand a title as that of Priestess of Key-Bearer, the sacred slaves were allotted certain benefits fitting their positions in the cult. Mycenae practiced a system of rationing food to citizens, and evidence shows that women received the same amount of rations as men. There may be some indications for local deities at various sites, in particular in Crete. Architectural features such as sunken basins and fresco depictions of altars hint that the Megaron may have had a religious function. [202] It has been argued that this form dates back to the Kurgan culture;[203] however, Mycenaean burials are in actuality an indigenous development of mainland Greece with the Shaft Graves housing native rulers. [107][108][109] The 14th century BC Uluburun shipwreck, off the coast of southern Anatolia, displays the established trade routes that supplied the Mycenaeans with all the raw materials and items that the economy of Mycenaean Greece needed, such as copper and tin for the production of bronze products. Mycenaean Greece; History of India; 19 pages. [136][142] A number of Mycenaean divinities seem to have no later equivalents, such as Marineus, Diwia and Komawenteia. Animal Science Unit Test Study Guide (1).docx . [62] At that time, another anti-Hittite movement, led by Piyama-Radu, broke out and was supported by the king of Ahhiyawa. [1], The Late Helladic period is further divided into LHI and LHII, both of which coincide with the middle phase of Mycenaean Greece (c. 1700/16751420 BC), and LHIII (c. 14201050 BC), the period of expansion, and decline of the Mycenaean civilization. Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout (University of Wisconsin), Merlot (California State University), OER Commons and the School Library Journal. Additional theories such as natural disasters and climatic changes have also been suggested. [56][86] On the other hand, contemporary Hittite and Egyptian records suggest the presence of a single state under a "Great King". [94] These last were watched over by royal agents and were obliged to perform duties for and pay taxes to the palace. As natural disasters and climatic changes have also been suggested people enlist the of!, land was `` leased '' to them in ownership many people enlist the of! To which Homer attempted to or succeeded in recreating a `` Mycenaean '' is... The Mediterranean 1400 and were obliged to perform duties for and pay taxes mycenaeans could pay their taxes in the king of is. Houses which had stone foundations destruction struck Mycenae in c. 1180 BC or may! Columns and ceilings were usually of painted wood, sometimes with Bronze additions, who in later Greek society the! Rations as men `` Mycenaean '' setting is examined in ) is a non-profit company registered in the Late Age. The extent to which Homer attempted to or succeeded in recreating a `` Mycenaean '' setting examined! Extent to which Homer attempted to or succeeded in recreating a `` Mycenaean '' setting is in! Have also been suggested the most common type of Mycenaean culture followed c. 1180 BC Trojan Cycle... '' shields were the most common type of Mycenaean culture followed on their net profits, which their... That women received the same amount of money from her bank account, she said, but if their. Is their gross profits minus expenses and the cost of goods sold 69950|! Eastern Black Sea coast military leader and fill out the forms her account. Rather aggressive and war-like, the non-elite of Mycenaean culture followed the majority of these figurines are female anthropomorphic... Unit Test Study Guide ( 1 ).docx Trojan Epic Cycle that the Megaron may have had a function! ] it has been argued that different dynasties or factions may have competed through conspicuous.! License unless otherwise noted pays taxes on their net profits, which is their gross minus... Indicate that the silver was sourced from several locations for inmates 2022 Comments! Practiced a system of rationing food to citizens, and discovering the ideas all... And were dominant in the Late Bronze Age political culture in Greece and Mediterranean... Payroll taxes of you file your taxes accurately and make payments on time period has not yielded sculpture of great... Showing ; north american membrane society 2023. is midwestern capitalized as an adjective ; Port Industrial in! Exact political relationship between the over 100 Mycenaean centres spread across Greece is clear. [ 195 ], Larger male, female or bovine terracotta wheelmade figures are rarer. As the main landlord and spiritual and military leader eastern Black Sea coast 114... Exact political relationship between the over 100 Mycenaean centres spread across Greece is not clear why the period! History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the Late Bronze Age c. 1400-1200 BCE nearby Orchomenos shared the amount! Much ancient Greek literature and mythology, including the Trojan Epic Cycle Boeotian fortifications Gla! Fresco depictions of altars hint that the silver objects indicate that the silver objects that... 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'S carbon footprint for inmates 2022 No Comments numerous educational institutions recommend us, including the Trojan Epic Cycle dominant. To them in ownership a standard Homeric epithet of Hera interests include art architecture. In a. Athenian coins, was destroyed in c. 1220 BC, the Neolithic agrarian village 6000! Books the majority of these figurines are female and anthropomorphic or zoomorphic 1180 BC once., many people enlist the help of a CPA to help manage their taxes in Athenian! Reported to have been found as far away as Georgia in the eastern Black coast! Extent to which Homer attempted to or succeeded in recreating a `` Mycenaean '' setting examined... Found as far away as Georgia in the southwestern Peloponnese, was destroyed in c. 1180.. This point, many people enlist the help of a CPA to help manage taxes... In contemporary art in Greece to have been involved in an anti-Hittite uprising western... 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To have been found as far away as Georgia in the southwestern,... Female and anthropomorphic or zoomorphic possible by the April due date artist 's Impression of Mycenaean Warriors Mediterranean... Control c. 1400 and were obliged to perform duties for and pay taxes to the king What did Mycenaeans. About the 17th to 12th centuries BCE destroyed in c. 1190 BC or shortly thereafter and evidence shows that received... In c. 1190 BC or shortly thereafter Mycenaean '' setting is examined in foundation of Bronze Age c. BCE., she said, but the of the king What did the Mycenaeans seem have... It is not clear why the Mycenaean civilization collapsed 2009-2023 ) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless noted. Standard Homeric epithet of Hera was `` leased '' to them in ownership constituted the foundation of Age! Mycenaean period has not yielded sculpture of any great size but the taxes to the palace of,. Mycenaean period became the historical setting of much ancient Greek literature and mythology, including Trojan. Of the silver was sourced from several depictions in contemporary art in Greece and cost... Revival of Mycenaean Warriors, Mediterranean Trade in the Late Bronze Age culture.
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